Download PDF An Introduction to HFT High-frequency traders (HFTs) account for a large proportion of the trading volume in security markets today. Despite this, there is very little understanding of the overall industry. We believe that you, the reader, should be made aware of this little-known yet massively impactful industry Read more…
Download PDF Introduction The creator of Ozempic, the American pharma giant, biotech start-up, bid after bid, boardrooms and courtrooms… Yes, as you’ve probably guessed already, this article will be talking about the unprecedented takeover battle in pharma sector. Novo Nordisk and Pfizer have put everything on the table in their Read more…
Download PDF Introduction ITV’s [LSE: ITV] future has been the subject of much speculation, having attracted interest from potential buyers such as CVC Capital Partners [AMS: CVC]. However, ITV’s silence was finally broken on November 7, 2025, in a 70-word statement. ITV told shareholders that Comcast-owned [NASDAQ: CMCSA] Sky has Read more…
Download PDF Introduction to Stochastic Volatility Models The distributions of many assets’ price returns tend to show time-varying variance. While returns show little to no persistence in large samples, squared returns exhibit high persistence. Additionally, empirical return distributions tend to show fatter tails than a normal distribution would imply, which Read more…
Download PDF Origins and Historical Growth Beginning in the 1980s, Asian private equity (PE) was still in its infancy. It was supported only by a few hundred million dollars in AUM and had a heavy reliance on public funding. Private limited partners (LPs) were rare, and capital originated mostly from Read more…
Download PDF Introduction Over the past years wearable devices have moved from simple fitness trackers to essential tools to gain data related to health and lifestyle. Driven by an increasing trend in health consciousness, platforms like Garmin and Strava have reached tens of millions of monthly users, while new devices, Read more…
Download PDF Introduction Ownership in sports, once exclusively considered as a passion-fueled play by billionaire individuals, has attracted involvement from institutional investors. In fact, Private Equity and Venture Capital-backed deals in sports services totaled $31.64bn in 2024, representing a 259% growth from the previous year. The global branding, media revenue Read more…
Download PDF Introduction- Understanding The Nature of Bank Liquidity Stress A bank liquidity crunch is a financial situation where banks face a shortage of immediately available cash to meet daily obligations. This shortage of usable liquidity is a funding problem, creating expensive conditions for banks to roll over short-term funding. Read more…
Download PDF Introduction On November 4th, the 34-year-old democratic socialist Zohran Mamdani became the first Muslim mayor-elect of New York City, comfortably defeating the former governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo. Some of his major policy promises throughout his campaign include freezing the rent for all stabilized tenants, providing free Read more…
Download PDF USA The biggest news of the week was delivered on Wednesday when the House passed the agreement to end the government shutdown and President Trump later in the day signed the bill. It marked the end of the longest government shutdown, lasting 43 days, and importantly allowing investors Read more…
Download PDF Introduction The rapid expansion of digital assets like Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), marked by surging market capitalization and trading volumes, has signaled the arrival of a new asset class. Instruments for both cash and derivative exposure are now actively traded across crypto-native exchanges (like Deribit and Binance) Read more…
Download PDF Introduction – SPVs as the Backbone of Structured Finance Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) are separate legal entities formed by a sponsor, designed to acquire assets, issue securities and manage cash flows. SPVs are typically thinly capitalized with their own balance sheet, and many structured to be bankruptcy remote. Read more…
Download PDF Introduction PCA (principal component analysis) allows you to explain a system’s total variance through a number of orthogonal components, thus, independent between each other. The main PCs account for most of the variance of the system and represent the main factors that influence variability. In a trading environment, Read more…
Download PDF USA All major US equity indexes declined during the week as concerns about the labor market, stretched valuations in the tech sector, and prolonged uncertainty surrounding the longest government shutdown in US history weighed on investor sentiment. The S&P 500 fell 1.60%, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average Read more…
Download PDF Note that this is an academic project and we have no intention to utilize this project in real cash online poker as that goes against services terms of conditions. It is no coincidence that poker is frequently mentioned when discussing the world of trading, and that even firms Read more…